PERAN CONCRETE-PICTORIAL-ABSTRACT (CPA) APPROACH DAN STUCTURED PROBLEM SOLVING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI SD/MI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36277/defermat.v9i1.2547Keywords:
concrete-pictorial-abstract, problem solving strategy, mathematics learning, elementary schoolAbstract
This research is motivated by the low mathematical literacy and problem-solving abilities of elementary school students, which are still influenced by conventional learning and students' difficulties in understanding abstract mathematical concepts. This study aims to analyze the role of the Concrete-Pictorial-Abstract (CPA) Approach and Structured Problem Solving (SPS) in mathematics learning in elementary school students through the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. The research was conducted by referring to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines through the stages of identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. Data sources were obtained from the Scopus, ERIC, and ScienceDirect databases in the period 2020–2025. Of the 799 articles found, 12 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results showed that CPA effectively improved students' conceptual understanding, numeracy, mathematical reasoning, and learning motivation through concrete, pictorial, and abstract stages. Meanwhile, SPS effectively improved problem-solving skills, logical, critical, and systematic thinking through Polya-based problem-solving steps. The integration of CPA and SPS is considered capable of creating more meaningful, systematic mathematics learning that aligns with the cognitive developmental characteristics of elementary school students.
References
Afriyadi, M. M. (2024). the Influence of the Problem Based Learning Model on the Critical Thinking Ability of Class V Students. JMIE (Journal of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Education), 8(2), 199. https://doi.org/10.32934/jmie.v8i2.693
Amriyah, C., & Afriyadi, M. M. (2026). JKIP : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan A Systematic Literature Review ( SLR ): Inclusive Education in the Social-Emotional Development of Elementary School Students Systematic Literature Review ( SLR ): Pendidikan Inklusi Pada Perkembangan Sosial- Emosional. 7(4), 2024–2040.
Azmi, M. P. (2025). Pendekatan Concrete Representational Abstract (CRA) dan Aplikasi Praktis dalam Pembelajaran Matematika Sekolah. Jurnal Cendekia : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 9(1), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.31004/cendekia.v9i1.3836
Azzumar, F., & Juandi, D. (2023). Concrete - Pictorial - Abstract Approaches to Mathematics Education: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Mathematics and Mathematics Education, 13(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.20961/jmme.v13i1.73962
Baharudin, Ida Fiteriani, Munafiroh, V., & Susilawati. (2024). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Peserta Didik MI Melalui Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri. AR-RIAYAH: Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar, 8(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.29240/jpd.v8i1.9812
Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McGuinness, L., McDonald, S., Stewart, L. A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A. C., Welch, V. A., Whiting, P., Moher, D., Glanville, J., Chou, R., Brennan, S. E., Boutron, I., Akl, E., … Tetzlaff, J. M. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Medicina Fluminensis, 57(4), 444–465. https://doi.org/10.21860/medflum2021_264903
Harefa, E., Patalatu, J. S., Azizah, N., Yusufi, A., & Husnita, L. (2024). Buku Ajar Teori Belajar Dan Pembelajaran. PT Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.
Koivu, A. M., Hunter, P. J., Näsänen-Gilmore, P., Muthiani, Y., Isojärvi, J., Pörtfors, P., Ashorn, U., & Ashorn, P. (2021). Modular literature review: a novel systematic search and review method to support priority setting in health policy and practice. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 21(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01463-y
Li, D., Osman, S., & Alhassora, N. S. A. (2025). Unlocking Spatial Wisdom: A Polya-Inspired Approach to Strengthening Year 5 Students’ Higher-Order Thinking Skills. International Journal of Instruction, 18(2), 593–614. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2025.18232a
Lutfi, J. S., & Dasari, D. (2024). Research trends on learning mathematics with the CPA (Concrete-Pictorial-Abstract) approach. Prisma, 13(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.35194/jp.v13i1.3947
Novitasari, Dina, L. N. A. B., & Muslim, M. (2025). Iplementasi Pembelajaran Matematika Untuk Mingkatkan Minat Belajar Siswa di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian, 1(0.1101/2021.02.25.432866), 1–15.
Nurlatifah, P. A., & Indonesia, U. P. (2025). Systematic Literature Review : Penerapan Pendekatan Realistic Mathematic Education untuk Meningkatkan Kompetensi Pemecahan Masalah pada Siswa. 3(01), 66–79.
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Bmj, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Ridha, A., Fauziddin, M., Marta, R., & Aprinawati, I. (2024). Peningkatan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah pada Pembelajaran Matematika dengan Menggunakan Model Problem Solving di Sekolah Dasar. 11(1), 70–71.
Riyadi, Syarifah, T. J., & Nikmaturrohmah, P. (2021). Profile of Students’ Problem-Solving Skills Viewed from Polya’s Four- Steps Approach and Elementary School Students. 10(4), 1625–1638.
Safari, Y., & Milah, A. R. (2024). Upaya Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Matematika dengan Media Gambar. Karimah Tauhid, 3(9), 9943–9949. https://doi.org/10.30997/karimahtauhid.v3i9.14754
Salimi, M., Suhartono, S., Hidayah, R., & Fajari, L. E. W. (2020). Improving mathematics learning of geometry through the concrete-pictorial-abstract ( CPA ) approach : collaborative action research Improving mathematics learning of geometry through the concrete-pictorial-abstract ( CPA ) approach : collaborative action. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1663/1/012046
Siregar, K., Nur, L., Dayanti, N., Rahmawati, S., Parapat, S. H., Nuri, A., Syahputra, A., Jl, A., Iskandar, W., Estate, M., Percut, K., Tuan, S., Serdang, K. D., & Utara, S. (2024). Analisis Kesulitan Belajar Matematika Pada Siswa MI/SD. Bhinneka: Jurnal Bintang Pendidikan Dan Bahasa, 2(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.59024/bhinneka.v2i1.646
Siska, E., & Fauzi, M. A. (2022). Literatur Study Of Students Mathematical Problem Solving Abilities On Higher Order Thinking Skill Questions From Various Learning Models. 6(2), 127–132.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104(August), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Suryaningsih, T., Nisa, K., Widiyanto, R., Latip, A., & Siron, Y. U. (2025). Enhancing Elementary Students’ Numeracy Skills Through The Concrete Pictorial Abstract (CPA) Approach. Journal of Integrated Elementary Education. https://doi.org/10.21580/jieed.v5i1.25383
Suryawan, H. P. (2020). Pemecahan Masalah Matematis. Sanata Dharma University Press.
Wardani, H., Mahluddin, & Siagian, F. N. (2024). Penerapan Model Problem Solving Dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Sekolah Dasar. 10(September), 478–486.
Wulandari, T., Firsta, R. R., & Hartono, Y. (2025). Analisis Kemampuan Pemodelan Matematika Dan Penalaran Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Kontekstual PISA. 5(3), 302–312.
Yasa, L. N., Arief, Z. A., & Herawati. (2023). Pembelajaran Matematika Berbasis Concrete Pictorial Abstract. Widina Media Utama.
